the effect of waterlogging, sewage sludge and manure on selected macronutrients and sodium uptake in sunflower plant in a loamy sand soil

in a greenhouse experiment, the effects of waterlogging, sewage sludge and manure on the uptake and concentrations of p, k, ca, mg and na in root and shoot of sunflower (helianthus annuus l.) were investigated. a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications including duration of waterlogging at five levels (0, 2, 4, 8, 22 days), source of organic fertilizer at two levels (manure and sewage sludge) and each at three levels (0, 15, 30 grams per kg of soil) was conducted. the results showed that by increasing the duration of soil waterlogging, the p and k uptake and concentration in shoot and root, the concentration of ca and na in root, the mg concentration in shoot, the uptake of ca and mg in root and the uptake and concentration of na in shoot increased but p uptake and concentration in root and k uptake in root and shoot decreased again. by increasing the duration of soil waterlogging, the uptake and concentration of ca in shoot decreased but the ca concentration in shoot increased again. the effect of soil waterlogging on the mg uptake in shoot was not significant. by application of sewage sludge and manure and increasing their amounts, the uptake and concentration of p in shoot and root, the uptake of ca in shoot and root and the uptake and concentration of na in shoot increased. the k uptake and concentration in shoot increased by application of manure and increasing its level while decreased by application of sewage sludge. the effect of soil waterlogging on the macronutrients and sodium uptake and concentrations in root and shoot was dependent on the source and amount of organic fertilizer and vice versa. the results demonstrated that even short periods of soil waterlogging (2 days) had considerable long-term effect on the concentrations of elements in plant. generally, sunflower plant accumulated p, mg and na in root and ca in shoot while the k concentration in root did not differ with shoot significantly.